Vaccines are biological preparations manufactured from microorganisms that have been weakened or destroyed. They develop resistance to a disease. A conventional vaccination is made up of chemicals that look like the pathogen that causes the sickness. When these agents enter the human body, the immune system is stimulated to detect them as alien and kill them. Human vaccines against viruses utilize weakened or attenuated viruses, but a smallpox vaccine uses cowpox, a poxvirus that is close enough to the smallpox virus to induce protection. Vaccine manufacturing involves a number of distinct procedures, each of which is categorized into a different kind.
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