Vaccines are biological preparations made from the weakened or killed forms of microbes. They create immunity against a disease. A Traditional vaccine consists of agents that resemble the disease-causing organism. When these agents enter the human body they stimulate the immune system to recognize these agents as foreign and destroy them. It also makes the immune system remember these foreign agents so that they can recognize and destroy the real live virulent germs.  A vaccine can be administered into the body through injections, by mouth or by aerosol. 

Depending upon the strategies used to reduce the risk of illness caused by a vaccine, while retaining their ability to induce a beneficial immune response they are classified into various types. The Human vaccines against viruses were made using weaker or attenuated viruses whereas a smallpox vaccine is made of cowpox, a poxvirus similar enough to smallpox virus to create immunity. Several different processes are involved in Vaccine production based on which they are classified into different types. 

A vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism to boost the immune system’s ability to fight against that organism. Vaccination is a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms that are administered for prevention or treatment of infectious disease. The vaccination helps the immune system to recognize and fight specific germs. Perfect immunity against a disease is not guaranteed through vaccination. Immunization refers to making someone immune against infections or diseases. Immunization is not only caused by Vaccines but there are also some diseases that cause immunization after an individual encounters and recovers from that disease.

Immunology is the study of immune system. And it is one of the most important branches of medical and biological sciences. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.The treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system is termed as Immunotherapy.

• Classical Immunology

• Diagnostic Immunology

• Immunomodulators

• Immune enhancement therapy

Clinical Immunology deals with the study of diseases and disorders that occurs as a result of weak immune system which includes aberrant action, failure, and abnormal growth of the cellular elements of the immune system. It also deals with diseases related to other systems, where immune responses play a role. Vaccine Immunology deals with the study of vaccines and their immunological effects. It deals with immunological vaccines, their synthesis, development and therapeutic desirability and compatibility.

Immunological disorders are a disease or a condition caused by a dysfunction of the immune system. They cause abnormal activity or overactivity of the immune system. Immune deficiency diseases decrease the body's ability to fight invaders, causing vulnerability to infections. Treatment for autoimmune diseases generally focuses on reducing immune system activity.

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc. Microorganisms that cause disease are collectively called as pathogens. An infectious disease can differ from simple infection, which is the invasion of and replication in the body by any of various agents-including bacteria. Allergies are caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.

This territory is for the mastery, boondocks, veterans that exceed expectations in the field of immunology. Much mysterious progression for the improvement of life in the immunological field is to be talked about in this meeting. Separating the learning about the immunology, hypersensitivity and rheumatology later inventive data's in the point of view field of immunology as researchers, researchers who are utilizing their examination with sensitivity, immunology, and rheumatology to give bleeding edge revelations and upgrades to treatments for patients with various issues in the field of hypersensitivity, immunology, and rheumatology.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society both as a source of discrimination and as an illness.

The immune system has advanced a variety of performances for controlling and inhibiting viral and bacterial infection, which range from direct killing of the pathogen to inhibition of replication or complete destruction. The immunology of infectious disease deals with the studies of how the immune system responds to infectious agents and the way the infectious agents interact with, modify or circumvent the immune system.

Veterinary Vaccines are used in keeping animals healthy which in turn prevents animal to human transmission of infectious diseases and thus protecting public health. In order to improve new advancements and technologies in veterinary vaccines, there should be continuous interaction between animal and human researchers and health professionals. In spite of human vaccines, animal vaccines can be developed and licensed quickly. Several vaccine types can be distinguished among the second-generation veterinary vaccines, depending on whether they are live or inactivated.

Cancer Vaccines are vaccines that treat either existing cancer or prevents any development of cancer. The vaccines that prevent an infection that causes cancer are Preventive cancer vaccines. Some of the preventive vaccines available include the HPV and hepatitis B vaccines which prevents cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers. On the other hand the vaccines that trigger the immune system to recognize and destroy certain markers, or antigens, present on or in cancer cells are termed as Therapeutic cancer vaccines. 

Since the advancement of vaccines, medical science has managed all but to eliminate many formerly fatal and debilitating childhood illnesses in countries where the immunization of children is nearly universal. It is mandatory for children to be vaccinated to prevent any other diseases.

The immune system has advanced a variety of performances for controlling and inhibiting viral and bacterial infection, which range from direct killing of the pathogen to inhibition of replication. The immunology of infectious disease associates the studies of how the immune system responds to infectious agents and how infectious diseases interact with, modify or circumvent the immune system.

The vaccines in which the desired genes that encode the antigen protein for the particular disease are inserted into the genome of plant tissue by various methods are termed plant-based vaccines. The most common methods that are used to produce effective plant-based vaccines are Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and Transformation via genetically modified plant virus. However, advancements in the field of science and technology developed new approaches such as agroinfiltration, biolistics, electroporation, polyethylene glycol treatment and sonication to replace the former methods.

Immunology concentrates the antigenic creation of microorganisms, attributes of the safety procedures in different sorts of contaminations, and nonspecific types of Imperviousness to the causative operators of irresistible infections. Immunotechnology deals with the production of immunological agents in living organisms. Advances in immunotechnology have made it possible to diagnose several diseases and also to produce immunological agents that protect people and animals against many types of diseases.

Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy exemplifies an exciting cancer treatment which stimulates a patient-specific immune response against cancer by making use of a virus’ ability to replicate and kill tumor tissue selectively. Immune- stimulating chemicals are produced by genetically modifying the Oncolytic Viruses which also makes them more specific for cancer cells. Therapeutic cancer vaccines and mAb therapy are some of the cancer immunotherapies with which Oncolytic virus immunotherapy are often combined. 

Adjuvants are ingredients of a vaccine that creates a stronger immunity in patient’s body by enhancing and directing the adaptive immune response mediated by lymphocytes, B and T cells against the antigens. The vaccines work better with the help of adjuvants. Naturally occurring adjuvants are present in vaccines produced from weakened or dead microorganisms. Adjuvants are used to enhance the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens, to reduce antigen amount, to increase vaccine efficacy and as antigen delivery system for antigen uptake by mucosa.

Biotechnology is used in the development of vaccine in three different ways: Using a special monoclonal antibody in the separation of pure antigens, using cloned genes for the synthesis of antigens, synthesized proteins used as vaccines. Recombinant vaccines are vaccines produced from recombinant DNA Technology. They are also called as subunit vaccines. It is necessary that the modern biopharmaceutical vaccines are rationally designed with chemical and physical attributes that distinguish the microbes and creates immune response.